Methods For Determination Of Heavy Metals Biology Essay

Methods For Determination Of Heavy Metals Biology Essay in that respect atomic number 18 various psycho summary methods use by re searchers to order the heavier-than-air metal confine of a particular model. Of the various analytical methods utilise, nuclear ingress spectroscopic methods are the most commonly used methods to determine the tot up of solemn metals present in a particular sample. Preconcentration and insularity methods have been routinely used to eliminate matrix effects and eff with low metal levels. Different preconcentration technique for heavy metals such as cloud point extraction, solid phase extraction and acid preconcentration were performed by researchers before the samples being analyzed by fervidness atomic absorption spectroscopy.2.1.1 Determination of heavy metals by victimisation cloud point extraction before erupt atomic absorption spectroscopy analysisChan and Teo (2001) used cloud point extraction (CPE) for the simultaneous pre-concentr ation of cadmium, grunter, melt down and coat subsequently the system of a complex with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) before the sample undergoing analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) victimization octylphenoxypolyethoxy ethyl alcohol (Triton X-114) as bed wetter. swarm point extraction is a separation and preconcentration procedure that has been extensively applied for examine metal mark in several different matrices. It is simple, rapid, spicy extraction efficiency and surroundally friendly. Its major advantages are simple data-based procedures, low cost, high preconcentration promoters, and environmental safety. Cloud-point extraction is the preconcentration of target metal ion utilize surfactants such as non-ionic and anionic surfactants. Under the optimum conditions, the aqueous surfactant solution becomes clouding and separating into two phases which are aqueous and surfactant-rich phases. The enkindle analytes are extracted and concentrated into surfactant-rich phase. The surfactant rich phase with interested analytes is analysed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). The weewee samples time-tested in this look into are tap pee, river wet, sea body of water supply and a standard summons material (SRM). The chemical variables affecting the separation phase and the viscosity affecting the detection process including 50mL of sample, temperature of 40C, pH of 8.6, 2-105 gram molecule l1 of TAN complexing doer, 0.05% non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 were optimized. tabularize 1 Limit of Detection and Sensitivity of F-AAS analysis for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in Water Samples (n=10). (Chen and Teo, 2001)Table 1 begets the calibration parameters, the relative standard divergency obtained for 10 analyte samples subjected to the complete procedure and the detection limits. In this case, linear relationships surrounded by the absorbance measured and the concentration of metal prepared for the calibration solut ion were obtained. The predisposition of F-AAS for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn analysis are 0.9982, 0.9987, 0.9995 and 0.9992 respectively. In addition, pre-concentration of 50 ml of sample in the presence of 0.05% Triton X-114 showed the detection of 0.099, 0.27, 1.1 and 0.095 ng mL1 for cadmium, pig, lead and zinc, respectively.Table 2 Reco genuinely analysis of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in water samples by F-AAS (n=3) (Chen and Teo, 2001)Table 2 shows the recovery percentage of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in tap water, river water and sea water by F-AAS. Recovery experiments for different centers of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were carried out. The boilersuit recovery percentages in this experiment for the four heavy metal elements were in the get down of 98 % to 104 %.2.1.2 Determination of sign elements in waters later preconcentration with 2-nitroso-1-naphtholGentscheva et al. (2012) persistent heavy metals using F-AAS after pre- concentrating the water samples with 2-nitroso-1 naphthol. 2-nitroso-1-naptho l is a chelating agent that has been used for precentration of cobalt as well as for the preconcentration of cobalt as well as for the solid phase extraction of Th, Ti, Fe, Pb and Cr from waters. The purpose of this experiment was to study the possibilities for preconcentration of trace amounts of Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, and Pd using 2-nitroso-1-naphthol with analysis of F-AAS. The method developed was tested for reliability using a root material which was SPS-WW2, Batch no.108, Spectrapure Standards AS (Oslo, Norway) and this method was applied to the determination of traces of these elements in capture water and tout water. A comparison between ethanol and 1- ethanolic solution of 2-nitroso-1-naphthol was done by plotting calibration curves. It was free-base that 2-nitroso-1-naphthol suppressed the absorbance of the interested trace elements ideally. underframe 1 Effect of sample record book on the recovery of Ni, Co, Cu, Cd and Pd with 2- nitroso-1-naphthol. (Gentscheva et al., 2012) Figure 1 showed the effect of sample volume on the recovery of trace elements in the direct from 20 to 250 ml. As rotter be seen, the level best sample volume allowing a better quantitative recovery of the analytes which was more than 95% was 160ml. At high sample volumes the recovery gradually decreases. 11ml of optimum volume for 1% ethanolic 2-nitroso-1-naphthol was withal determined.Figure 2 Effect of time of complexation on the recovery of Ni, Co, Cu, Cd and Pb with 2-nitroso-1-naphthol (Gentscheva et al., 2012)Figure 2 showed the effect of time of complexation on the preconcentration of trace elements in experiment. The effect of time of complexation was studied in the snip of 15 to 60 minutes. The optimum time of complexation obtained was 40 minutes. Longer complexation time did not bring any effect on the recovery of the trace elements.Table 3 Determination of Cu, Co, Ni, Cd and Pd in capture water from the region of an old copper mine (Bov, Bulgaria) and waste water f rom the copper plantAssarel, BulgariaTable 3 shows the concentration of interested trace elements obtained from F-AAS analysis. From the table, copper was the trace element with the highest content not only in the waste water sample, but similarly in the capture water sample. The latter may be attributed to the high residual level of this element in the environment of the former copper mine. The Pd contents in water samples were at a lower place the detection limit of the method.2.1.3 Solid-phase extraction of metal ions from environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS)Duran et al.(2007) used a column jammed with Amberlite XAD-2010 resin as a solid-phase extractant for the preconcentration of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions based on their complex formation with the sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (Na-DDTC) subjected to flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) determinations. Metal complexes turn on the resin were eluted by 1 mol L1 HNO3 in acetone. Effects of the analytical conditions for the preconcentration yields of the metal ions, such as pH, measuring of Na-DDTC, eluent type, sample volume and combine rate have been investigated.Figure 3 Effect of pH on the retention of the metal ions (n=4). (Duran et al., 2007)Figure 3 showed that the effect of the pH that had been studied in experiment. pH of samples in the range 2 to 12 by adjusting the metal solutions with buffer solutions. Cu and Co were quantitatively recovered more than 95% in the pH range from 2 to 9. Quantitative recoveries were obtained in the pH range 3 to 9 for Ni, 4 to 9 for Cd, 5 to 9 for Pb, and 7 to 9 for Mn. check to the results, the optimum pH for multi-element preconcentration of the metals was 6, except for Mn for which the value is 8.Figure 4 Effect of ligand quantity on the recoveries. (Duran et al., 2007)Figure 4 showed the determination of amount of ligand needed for preconcentration of metal ions. From the figure above, it showed the preconcentration yields of the sextette metal ions were 11 to 21% without chelating agent. The preconcentration yields increased with the addition of Na-DDTC. The quantitative values were obtained after 2.0 mg of Na-DDTC. As the result, 5.0 mg of Na-DDTC was chosen as optimum value for the next works.Figure 5 Effect of sample volume. (Duran et al., 2007)Figure 5 showed the determination of sample volume in order to deal with real water samples which were terminateing very low concentrations of the metal ions. The recoveries were found to be stable until 500mL. Thus, 500mL was chosen as the optimum sample volume to work. In this work, the final solution volume to be measured by FAAS was 5.0 mL, hence the preconcentration factors were 100 for all the six metal ions.Figure 6 Effect of flow rate on the recoveries. (Duran et al., 2007)Figure 6 showed the study of sample flow rate in the experiment. The flow rate of sample solution through the Amberlite XAD-2000 column is a v ery important factor. The recovery percentage increases with the slim downd flow rate, do the preconcentration time increases. In order to obtain the quantitative recovery and to reduce the preconcentration time, the effect of sample flow rate was studied in the range 2 to 40mLmin1. 10.0mLmin1 was chosen as the sample flow rate. This flow rate is high enough to load the sample in a moderate short time and allowing metal/Na-DDTC chelates to interact with XAD-2010.Table 4 Trace metals contents of real water samples with the proposed method (n=3)Table 4 showed the determination of concentration of trace metals in real water samples with the proposed method. sestet sample collection sites were determined and under optimal conditions. at that place was no detection of Cd in all of the six water samples. There was also no detection of Co in Solakli spud, Kisarna mineral water, Of stream water and black tea while Ni was also cannot be detection by F-AAS in the water samples such as Ki sarna mineral water and Of stream water. Overall relative standard deviations for Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions were less than 5 %.2.2 Sample Analysed For Determination of Heavy MetalsHeavy metals can be found in various materials, not only in water samples. By performin different analytical methods, most researchers had determined the presence of heavy metals, commonly, Cd, Pb, Cr and Cu to name a few, in environmental samples which include water sample, fodder samples, biological samples and shaping materials as well.2.2.1 Environmental samplesAmong the environmental samples that had been tested to determine trace toxic metals level are the water samples such as capture water and waste water (Gentscheva et al., 2012) river water, tap water and sea water (Chan and Teo, 2010) and sea water soil samples heavy metals determination which carried out by Capitelli et al. (2002) in order to investigate the contents of chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.2.2.2 Food samples many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) experiments for determining heavy metal contents have been performed on feed samples. Ghaedia et al. (2008) determined the presence of chromium, iron, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt and zinc in cow meat, spinach, liver and fish samples. Muoz and Palmero (2004) determine the presence of cadmium, lead and copper in milk by using potentiometric stripping analysis while Tripathi et al. (1999) determined zinc, lead, copper and cadmium in human milk, milk powder and baby food. vegetable and fruits that we usually consumed as part of our daily diet intake were also found to have trace amount of heavy metals. Radwan and Salama (2006) determined the heavy metals such as zinc, copper, cadmium and lead contents in strawberry, apples, banana, eggplant, lettuce and many more. Determination of cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc in beverage such as tea, coffe e, dairy convergences, fruit juices, carbonated soft drinks and wines was carried out by Onianwa et al. ( 1999), using an air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.2.2.3 Biological SamplesOther than environmental samples and food samples, several researches had also been carried out to determine heavy metal contents in biological samples such as human urine and squanderer which are the most common tested samples for determination of heavy metals. Suleiman et al. (2008) determined the presence of cadmium, cobalt, nickel and lead in human urine,blood and blood serum samples by black stones online coupled with ICP-OES. In addition, Aguiar et al.(2012) determined the presence of calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, selenium, and zinc which are essential for reproduction by using ICP-MS.2.2.4 Plastic samplesThe plastic samples that commonly tested to determine the heavy metal contents are the plastic toys (Omolaoye, Uzairu and Gimba, 2010) waste electrical and electronic eq uipment such as winding phones (Nnoroma and Osibanjob, 2010), computer mouse, printer, keyboards, refrigerators, washing machines, personal computer and television (Onwughara et al., 2010) and small waste electrical and electronic equipment which includes plastic materials from household appliances such as vanity cleaners, pocket calculators, video games, body care appliances, clocks and watches as well.( Dimitrakakis et al., 2009)2.3 tolerable Limits of Heavy Metals in Waste Water SamplesFor every product that procurable in the market, there must be a limit of the substances added that lead gives the details of the contents of that particular product to ensure the safety of the product to consumer. According to Environmental Quality Act (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulation 1979, the maximum taint level of copper, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel in waste water are 0.20, 0.01, 0.05, 0.20 and 0.20 ppm respectively. This means that if waste water sample was found to co ntain either one of the heavy metals mentioned having values exceeding the maximum contaminant level, that particular waste water sample could pose health hazards and environmental pollution to human being.2.4 Improving the Sensitivity of Heavy Metals in F-AAS synopsisHigh esthesia of the analysis of the presence of heavy metals present in a waste water sample are needed to give a reliably accurate and precise result in or so cases where there is only a slightly difference in the amount of heavy metals. The sensitivity of various heavy metals in F-AAS analysis can be compound by several methods.2.4.1 Copper, Cadmium and LeadThe sensitivity of F-AAS analysis for the detection of Cu, Cd and Pb can be enhanced by performing online sensitivity enchancement method involving the implementation of various designs of crystallization tubes of slotted tube atom traps (STAT) system as published by Yaman (2005). In this technique, quartz tubes which had a 5 and 6 mm diameter and 2.3cm for an f number slot length, produced the best sensitivity as high as with the factor of 6- and 10-fold enhancement for Pb and Cd respectively.2.4.2 Other Heavy MetalsThe sensitivity of F-AAS analysis for the detection of heavy metals can be increased by using pre-concentration methods such as chromatographic method, extraction method, drying and ashing method, electrochemical method and mixed method published by Rottschafer, Boczkowski and Mark (1971).

International Strategic Management Of Lvmh Marketing Essay

International strategic Management Of Lvmh Marketing EssayThe LVMH article describes the management aspects of a multi grunge tighten. LVMH is globally known as the world leading lavishness goods companies. LVMH was found by the merger of two mien houses, called Louis Vuitton and Moet -Hennessy. LVMH produces and sells wines and spirits, fashion and welt goods, perfumes and cosmetics, watches and jewellery and selective retailing. However, the majority of sales comes from the fashion and leather goods division. The luxury host grew overdue to key acquisitions and the victimization and cornerstone of new wares. The future strain of LVMH is likely the growth into new marts and regions, where China, Russia and Eastern Europe countries can be considered. But how is such a huge company organise? every(prenominal) division functions has its own general manager and a management team, withal these divisions also controls and manage sales abroad. The five product groups of LM VH are decentralize into two subsidiaries production and distribution subsidiaries. Additionally the organizational set-ups are organized regionally. The luxury market is constantly changing, nowadays there is a huge range for luxury products since the middle-class market purchase luxury products as well. Besides the luxury sector is related toward economic conditions. Additionally , the development of growing by acquisitions became an important dodging for many firms in the luxury sector. In many of LVMH s acquisitions it had maintained the creative talent as independent pool and certainly without the generating of synergies between product lines or brands. For LVMH character in production and product development is essential for their success strategy. Moreover, integration, cooking and top management seminars are designed in LVMH to support seam strategies.What are the main strategic issues of this case (e.g. go into questions like what is the center of globalization in t he luxury industry what is the meaning of a multi-brand strategy why so many brands in one conglomerate company)?Formerly, intermediate sized firms dominated the market. However currently there are further a few big players in the luxury market that grew due to acquisitions. In the luxury industry globalization means the development of conglomerates. The nigh important strategic issue in the LVMH case is the development and depart in the luxury market in relating to the globalization. Additionally, those conglomerates do follow a multi-brand strategy, which can be described as producing and selling of two or more competing products by the same company under different unrelated brands. The goal of a multi-brand strategy is to allow organizations to grow without overexploiting a peculiar(prenominal) brand and killing exclusivity. Firms seek to stretch their brands to attract new customers. maven of the benefits is that the firms become stronger and have to deal with less competi tors. Besides , firms dominate the market through padding all quality and price spaces. Nowadays, the range of products in these firms had a massive increase due to globalization.LVMH operates globally and in accession to this LVMH has many offices in countries worldwide. Besides , the firm operates in different segments and offers a wide range of different brands. However the international strategy differs per product group. The main strategy in the firm is a mix of transnational and global. In some product groups (like wine and spirits) LVMH has to be aware of local responsiveness, local regulations and norms. The firm has to castigate to the environment. In contrast, product groups like, fashion and leather goods, are more in need of integration instead of local responsiveness, because the global need for the kind of fashion and leather goods is rather equal.The firm LVMH operates in five different sectors of the market. They offer products in wine and spirits, fashion and le ather goods, perfumes and cosmetics, watches and jewellery and selective retailing. Each product group is individual. on that point is little influence of the headquarter in each product group. The headquarter basically gives billet to the business divisions. This has the benefit that every business unit is flexible to adjust their structure to what suits their business unit and environment the best. However the organizational value are shared through the whole company. Summarized, looking at chapter 3 of the textbook Laserre ,it is clear that LVMH uses a sort of multi business global product division model.The employees have the freedom as long as they diddle their targets. In addition to this, Bernard Arnault described innovation as a driver for growth and profitability in the luxury industry. For LVMH quality in production and product development is essential for their success strategy. The firm pursues a strategy of soft human resources, meaning that no real hierarchies exis ts. This is resulting in that innovation is used in an excellent way. Additionally the firm offers training programmes, on the job training to motivate and in order of the development of the employees

Concept Of Kesban Be Still

innovation Of Kesban Be StillTO WHICH EXTENT WOULD THE CONCEPT OF KESBAN BE STILL RELEVANTIN THE class 2020? DISCUSSINTRODUCTIONThe acronym KESBAN is the combination of two Malay words which is permit for Keselamatan dan Pembangunan or warranter/defence and development. KESBAN defined as the sum sum up of measures undertaken by every last(predicate) government agencies to entertain and strengthen the society from subversion, disintegration and insurgency.It was introduced officially by the late Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak bin ibn Talal Hussein in 1971 when the Communist society of Malaya (CPM) became a major source of come to and exasperation to the government due to insecure environment created by the CPM. Subsequently, KESBAN boot introduced by National protective covering Council Directive No 11 on 5th Feb 1980 included sector of 24km south of Malaysia-Thailand border with the length of 580km. soilConcept of KESBANKESBAN construct emphasize on two mos t weighty aspects, inside Security (IS) and internal development (IDEV). The IS aspect is the province of the fortify and uniformed ( host and police) whereas the IDEV mainly involves all the civil governmental agencies responsibilities towards the development in the sphere.IS emphasizing on full range of measures taken by the pledge forces to protect the society from subversion, lawlessness and insurgency through the conduct of tactical operations to destroy the Communist Terrorist (CTs) and their entire network.IDEV emphasizing on the military action that leading towards the attainment of balanced social, political and economic development as part of nation building.The tactical operations conducted by the security forces designed to establish control of the contested areas and impart assist the implementation of IDEV activities by the separates government agencies.Strategy of KESBANKESBAN, as discussed in designual terms, may be placed in useful perspective by viewing KE SBAN schema as being composed of three interdependent components, balanced development, mobilization, and neutralization. equilibrize emergence. Attempts to achieve national oddments through balanced political, social, and economic development. It includes activities to alleviate frustration by providing opportunities to individuals and groups inside the society.Mobilization. Includes all activities to motivate and organize the populace in support of the government through KESBAN plans as well as activities to protect the populace from insurgent actions.Neutralization. Includes all lawful activities to disrupt, disorganize, and defeat an insurgent organization. reverie 2020Vision 2020 was introduced by Tun Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad (fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia) in 1991. The ultimate objective that aimed is to translate Malaysia from developing country to fully developed country by the year 2020. There are nine challenges that need to catch up with in order for state to ach ieve the mission.DISCUSSIONThe Communist Party of Malaya has surrendered on 2nd Dec 1989 due to the lack of support from the hatful who are not confidence with their struggle.The CPMs surrendered also signed the success of KESBAN plan in fighting the insurgency. The fall of CPM in Malaysia draw the KESBAN concept towards the in the raw dimension. only the concept was still remained in term of responsibilities by all of the government agencies involved. It is impossible to achieve development without stability internally. It only shadow achieve with the national unity. The military primary portions currently is to protect our reign from external threat while the others government agencies concentrated to develop the country. The tributary roles of military are to assist the Royal Malaysian Police and other civil authorities in the maintenance of public order. In while of national disaster, the military would continuously contribute and assist the civil potential in national development. THE RELEVANCE CONCEPTS OF KESBANThe relevance concept of KESBAN will be look and discussed into two aspects , which are national Security and Internal Development.Internal SecurityFactor will cover under Internal Security as followsIntelligence. The continuous gathering intelligent information is very inborn in Internal Security. Even though the CPM has been surrendered, the clean type of terrorist could be such(prenominal) as Jemaah Islamiah and Al Maunah in year 2001. The establishment of armed forces Intelligent Officer and Police Special Branch within the area of responsibility was the best precaution. Tactical Operations.The tactical operations by the military especially within Malaysia-Thailand Border are still remaining until today. However the regular forces only deployed in inaccessible area in the mysterious jungle such as in Kedah and Perak. The rest of the area within the KESBAN Belt manning by the Border Security Force which was introduced in 2007. r ipe now the threat is changes from CPM to non traditional threat like drug smuggling, charitable trafficking, rice smuggling and others.Psyops/Psywar. Those days CPM was conducted physically operation using printed pamphlet in order to win support from the supporter. Right now the millennium threats will be more complicated, the will use informations and technology such as internet and blogs as a platform for spread their propagandas. To overhaul this problem government use a mass media such as television, newspaper, billboard and create some act like Information mask in order to prevent the new technology has being counterfeit by the threat. Civic Action. Civic action is a major alter factor in developing a favourable image of the government in the eyes of people. The military roles currently implemented through the programme TenteraMasukDesa or GerakanJiwaMurni under the Military Civic Action project which focusing in rural areas. They use concept gotongroyongto built up t he house, change the mosque and the beach. More than that, military medical department also play their role when go to rural area and give a free discourse to the poor villagers. All this action actually can give a good perception for the government and strengthen their support from rural area.Internal DevelopmentFactors under Internal Development as followsPolitical Stability.The concept of national front which encompasses the three main political parties has been evolved through matureness and pragmatism of the political development. Political stability affects national security in Malaysia since any instability will bring about internal risk and a host of other factors that will weaken the state, such as investor confidence and unemployment thereby causing an economic slowdown. Social Development.Social development is found on attitude and value changes to a greater degree than is unavoidable in either political or economic development. Introduction of 1Malaysia concept by c urrent Prime Minister, Dato Seri Mohd Najib bin Tun Hj Abdul Razak in 2009 was the first musical note taken to attain the first challenges towards vision 2020 strategy. This concept required the run from all government agencies to implement it.Economy.National unity remains the ultimate goal of socio-economic development because the government realized that a united society is complete to the promotion of social and political stability and sustained development. Vision 2020 will not be achieved if the development of economy stagnant. However, National Economic informative Council (NEAC) appointed by the Prime Minister was the most important council to oversee the economic development.CONCLUSIONAfter communist insurgency consider eliminated on Dec 1989, internal security and internal development must be continuously progress. All security aspect (internal security) must be well-kept and enhancing accordingly in order to facing the threat in this new globalization era. Developme nt is a continuous agenda of the government to transform Malaysia from developing country to developed country in the year 2020. Development cannot be realized without the guarantee of security. So, base on the concept of security mentioned above, concept of KESBAN is still relevance in the year 2020 but with the divergency approach. The difference is only the aim of the approach where during first initiated, KESBAN was to counter the communist insurgency, whereas now it is part of counter measure to maintain the cultivate the imperfect tense development of the nation.

Effect of SHRM on Mergers and Acquisitions

Effect of SHRM on Mergers and accomplishmentsIS STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AN efficacious TOOL FOR MERGER AND ACQUISITION PROCESS, IN TERMS OF KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND EFFICIENCY? accessionbeginning chapter of my dissertation result talk most the back filth of the proposed dissertation topic. This back ground discussion eitherow lead our musical mode to the actual problem ara. As the main actors of my discussion argon kind-hearted so the link up topics back ground, bid HRM, strategical HRM, and integration of SHRM with boilers suit crinkle system and the raw(a) purpose of SHRM peculiarly in the hand of fusions and accomplishments, eitherow for be foc uptaked. Later discussion will focus on aims and preys of my question and will overly inform the dissertation structure.Background championship introduction is so dynamic especially in current era when brasss face lot more than complicated challenges and strict competitions. To cope with sore-ma de challenges, presidential terms employee naked c be tools, methods and philosophies. These tools and philosophies garter annihilatement in assembleing agonistic avail to proceed in the avocation world. Among these philosophies, strategic HRM is iodin, which helps transactiones to travel and get a pine competitive advantage in current dynamic environments.To learn more ab place the role of strategical HRM, first we aim to know what strategic kind imaging vigilance actually means, as we know till that particular that this a cargon philosophy helping organizations in facing modernistic challenges in ever changing environment. The concept of sympathetic preference management is non new. It is on the military control horizon from last 100 old age discussed and debated in distinct urinates, shapes and names merely when the actual homosexuals being option management sewer actually be traced back in mid-sixties when the immenseness of employer and empl oyee relationship was more foc utilize. Improved education and skills actually au whereforetic the concept of Human alternative management oer the years. This victimization took a new turn when in 1980s HRM became the integral part of championship strategy and was named as strategic human resource management. That field of vocation management is supplely knobbed in all business conclusion and plans related to relations of employee and organization.The mesh of SHRM in restructuring and developing organization coffin nail be seen in the shape of unlike tools and methods adopted by organization handle decentralize decision making, flattened hierarchies, training etc. This interest group is much needed during Merger and acquisitions wedlockmons where SHRM mountain help this process in terms of knowledge, skills and cogency. To allocate resources accurately ,like employing indemnify people with decline skills and knowledge, organizations need to bring in the SHRM at the time of strategy ripening non at middle or later stages. Introducing SHRM at fuck off of strategy making will help organizations to achieve their goals and objectives of proposed merger or acquisition.Organizations need to manage their human resources really systematically and strategically to gain competitive advantage. SHRM pass ons organizations an opportunity to align and integrate peoples resources with strategic management. This integration and continuative will ensure that right people, working on right places with right tool, utiliseing right policies to gain general goals and objectives of the organization.The popularity of SHRM is ontogenesis twenty- quaternity hours by day as an impressive tool to do rough-and-ready business. In this growing popularity human resources ar treated as the available talents and energies of people who atomic number 18 available to an organization as potential contri entirelyors to the creation and realization of the organiz ations mission, vision, strategy, goals and objectives which helps organizations in order to improve the business movement. Jackson and Schuler (2000)My research dissertation will try to anchor a link between SHRM being an effective tool in MAs process in terms of a knowledge, skills and expertness contributor. This link send word be seen in the statement stagen by Narasimha,S. (2000) as strategical HRM take a different colour when we position them as contributing to organizational knowledge stocks. So it is app arnt that SHRM is equal of doing much more than the traditionalistic HR in achieving business goals and objectives. suit to Choose This Dissertation top of the inningicAs my dissertation revolves around SHRM so the main contend of choosing this topic is to establish a link in between organizational growth and the role of SHRM. My focus would be the stadiums where SHRM git spiel a life-sustaining role in developing organizations especially when organizations decide to amaze or merge with nearly different organizations for arrive of reasons like to profit the allocate holders mensurate, expansions , strategic alliances, access to new markets, settlement of competition etc.Usually organizations face swerve problems when they go by these MAs processes, so my main aim is to focus on what should deal been make in advance of this process, during and after the process to make such deals fortunate. Top management plans, middle direct management execute the plans and general employees do what they asked to do, to ensure the success of business plans. In my dissertation I will focus on how SHRM approaches and models mint be effectively implemented and execute and how these models maintain the consistency in achieving business goals and objective not completely today but in coming(prenominal) as well.an an separatewise(prenominal)(prenominal) atomic number 18a of my focus would be provision of knowledge and skills by SHRM to the organizations, efficiently. These argon new tools and techniques that gutter have a capital effect in the propagation of mergers and acquisitions and require active involvement of both attitudes to achieve set goals.Another field in which I would be ciphering into to establish my research is performance management. My research will try to identify the Importance and cruciality of implementation of this system into the organization as this implementation is not low-cal as claimed by Elaine, D. P. (2009, Pg.3) Performance management is known as the Achilles frank of human capital management, and it is the most difficult HR system to implement in organization. This system is all ab start defining, assessing and refining the work military issues and attitude of employees. This effective system of performance management should allow for organization a leading edge as compare to their rivals. on that point are other related issues which need to be manageed like maintaining qual ity of operate with the help of emerging techniques and strategies. Quality in service muckle be attained by training and development of the employees. Be military positions that they need respectable salary and good designations, which offer lead employees towards better performance. SHRM have capabilities to address this issue in very systematic way.Organizations always goes done different phases and approximately time they need to even face features like redundancies, re-structuring and whatsoever time even closures of businesses. But on the other hand organizations establish strategic alliances and mergers to grow. In this situation HR mangers have to address issues like relocation, new designations, changing nature of job duties, obstacle is changing nicety and arranging new training and development programmes. The most sensitive amongst is hea and thenish change which shtup have really bad effects on business success if not addressed properly. To address this proble m area, SHRM can provide solutions like recruiting right people with right talent, knowledge and skill. genuinely it is HRMs strategic approach which can motivate employees for quality of work and development of order by designing most appropriate HR policies. If some one wants to know the working environment and goal of an organization then he should study it HR policies.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe aim and objective of my dissertation is to take on out how strategic human resource management (SHRM) can shape a vital role in terms of knowledge , skills and efficiency during and after mergers and acquisitions (MAs) process. How the integration of strategic management ( SM ) with human resource management (HRM) can improve and maintain the fighting of future preferences of the organizations, especially MAs. How useful it could be if we use SHRM as a tool in MAs process to benefit the knowledge, skills and efficiency much needed in this process.If we look at the dimensions of human re source management (HRM) , both type of dimensions are more discernible, Functional and strategic. Ope keen-witted issues come under functional HRM and general company progress and performance is colligate with strategic HRM. Majority of Managers involved in MAs are always confused of understanding and implementing the strategy which has been develop over the time. SHRM will focus on the strategy and planning of human resource requirements which are needed on a certain current of time and will ease the difficulties of mangers especially in MAs. This approach will focus on the number of personnel needed along with the demeanour and attitude which can produce best results. This integration will ultimately append the effectiveness of organization in terms of knowledge, skills and efficiency.The study on this subject provides the information that 80 percent of acquisitions were not gone through well or total ill luck. How can this commonly practiced business strategy end in com plete disaster? Can involvement of SHRM can provide sufficient knowledge, skills and efficiency that such disasters in MAs can be avoided.Even 80 percent of such deals end up in disasters still such MAs are taking place everyday. There are some(prenominal) reasons of these failures, the most important amongst them is little or curt human side involvement especially strategic human resource management. When deuce firms merge or one fine-looking firm instruct the small one, actually the deuce different working cultures come side by side. The new culture may be the totally a new one or may be part from one firm and part from other merged firm. Bothe higher managements and middle level managements have different level of skills, knowledge and expertise. Most of the mergers fail when these two different cultures collide. My research will identify that can strategic human resource management provide such assistance which can manage the human side of MAs in most effective way that it c an provide knowledge, skills and efficiency to the process.LITRATURE REVIEWIntroductionTo conduct my research I need to take a deep dip into the pool of related information. The information which will provide the base for my research and will give me a deep insight of the work already done on this or related problem area. The information which would be reviewed in this contribution of my research will come through books, articles, journals and critical reviews.Mergers and acquisitions are very common and favourite mode of restructuring and harvest as stated by Andrew and Milledge ( 2006, pg.2 ) check to him, 1980s was the era when more or less half of the U.S. businesses restructured themselves. In this dither of restructuring, more than 80,000 companies containd in merger of acquisition. The extent of popularity of this practice can be imagined with this but most of the mergers and acquisitions were totally or partly flopped collectible to one or other reason. Why such a vas t occupation is not well planned, why most of the mergers and acquisitions ends up in disasters. Is there something wrong with the finance side or poor management is the cause of this failure or may be human side of involvement in the process has been neglected. My research will encompass that how an effective human side of involvement in the process can throw better results in terms of knowledge, skills and efficiency. The basic aim of this research is to feel out mingled views, ideas and concepts of mergers and acquisitions, causes of their failures especially when strategic human resource management is not actively involved in the process. Along with, the research will review all the SHRM models and their critics, their role in mergers and acquisitions process and how SHRM can provide knowledge, skills and efficiency in the process. As vast data is available on the issue so the research would be narrow down into hardly a(prenominal) headings as below.What is merger and Acqui sition?Need of mergers and acquisitions.Main causes of failure of MAs.What is strategic human resource management?Different approaches and models of Strategic HRMHow SHRM can be an effective tool in MAs process in terms of knowledge, skills and efficiency.What is merger and Acquisition?Most of the businesses are bound with one sold principle, both they have to grow or leave the market. Growth ensures returns to shareholders, generate pay and gets market share from competitors. On the other hand the businesses without growth leave out their market share, escape customers and ultimately they disappear from the market leaving great losses for the shareholders. Mergers and acquisitions actually play a very significant role in strengthening the companies or in case of weak business or entrepreneurs, provide chance to avoid exclusion from the businesses as right away swallowed by the strong business. MAs are very important for a balance and healthy economy. Corporate history have see n different roles played by MAs, like greed is good role, when corporate businesses buying companies in foreign environment and destroying them and todays gratifying trends in which MA take place for growth and competitive advantage. Since mid 2004 this activity is mostly based on macro economic needs of recovery. (Sherman, et al (2005 )MergerWhen two companies or businesses combine in to one unit, its called merger in which only one company survive and the merged company comes to an end only to exist. The surviving company or business is called acquirer which gets all the assets along with all liabilities. Usually in this process large companies are always acquirer or buyers and smaller companies are target but some time businesses with same size and capabilities, both try to cease to exist and they form a new company. Though these mergers take place with mutual agreements, still merger statistics are treating large companies as buyer and smaller as target. (Gaughan, Patrick A. (2005)J. Reuvid (2007) describes merger as a transaction in which both companies agrees to combine and form a new business entity which will issue new shares and on the other hand cancelling all the old individually issued shares. Mergers usually give an flavor of equal share of both parties involved in the merger but quite often one company actually enjoys dominance in term of equity and majority in board of directors. Usually big businesses are predator and smaller ones are known as victim in all most all transitions.Mergers can face iii kinds of scenarios or situations which are beautifully explained by Weston, J.Fred (2001) in his book Mergers and Acquisitions. According to W.J.Fred the first category is synergy or efficiency in which the efficiency level with combined operation is greater than the sum of efficiencies produced by these two businesses individually. The second category points out the situation when bidders overpay due to Hubris and the value of business remain unchanged. Third category talks about the situation when total value of business is decreased due to mistakes made by mangers or agencies. All these three situations lead the business towards new directions.AcquisitionMergers and acquisitions are the terms usually used simultaneously. In mergers two companies conglutination together to do business under single business entity but in acquisition, business purchases the other business entity as whole or part of it as explained by Sherman, Andrew J. et al (2005). They claim that companies do it for many reasons like in 2005 Proctor Gamble acquired Gillette company, Inc. to expand its access to consumer products and some companies acquire other businesses to get access to foreign markets. Usually acquisitions go along to obtain financial or strategic goals.Stanley F, Reed ( 2007 ) defines acquisition as a process by which assets or stocks or both of an organization or business are bought by other organization or business. After acqui sitions the buyer becomes the owner of stocks and assets and the target or acquired company lose their ownership. Its kind of generic term which explains the transfer of ownership. Its more common then mergers as theres no occurrence of successive mergers.Need of Mergers and AcquisitionsWhy businesses engage in mergers and acquisitions, what are the main reasons, what are the forces working loafer this activity which been very popular in last 2 decades?For almost all businesses the ultimate objective is maximizing profit. Keeping in mind this objective studies shows that traditionally there are two causes of why businesses go for mergers and acquisitions. First one is financial in which prime objective is increasing the share holders value and second one is based on managerial condition which focuses on knowledge, growth, sale, performance etc. Studies on this subject shows number of reason behind these MAs and the factors involved behind this activity, all will be analysed from v arious perspective.MAs are borderless as explained by Sturgess, B. ( 1989 ) in Booming International Mergers and acquisition . Sturgess describe that mergers and acquisitions can be of local nature or it can go across borders. He explains that local firms can go foreign to acquire foreign businesses or foreign businesses who merge or acquire domestic business.These MAs can provide short term finances to companies as described by Fluck and lynch (1999). If the firm is unable to finance advantageous projects due to one or other reasons they go for MAs to acquire these monetary resource required to finance the big project which will eventually increase shareholders value.The managerial motives under which mangers try to increase their powers or gains and address other issues like maximizing growth, increasing sale volume etc has been explained by Napier, N.K et al (1989) in Communication during mergers the experience of two banks very elaborately.Apart from the traditional motives the academic, researchers and other people involved in this process has begun to think other reasons and causes of MAs brought in by the rapid changes in the business over the time. matchless of them is Angwin (2001) who states that the firms go for MAs to avoid the fear of being taken over or being destroyed by other large firms. To exist they precisely want to be merged or acquired by other firms where they can remain operational and in the market. The other reason what he describes is as public motive in which companies merge or been acquired to increase the performance and shareholders value which allow them to gain all competitive advantages to remain active in the todays competitive markets. nearly time companies reach to their maturity with fair more bureaucratic, leaving fewer opportunities for the individuals. According to Lenvinson (1970) MA can help such companies by bringing new ideas, enriched working culture, attitude and fresh knowledge. If such companies will not address there obsolescence on time then they will lose their competitiveness and soon will strike down from the market.Vermeulen and Barkema (2001) also claim that MA can be very subservient in bringing up up-to-date knowledge and techniques in the businesses to survive in the market in long run. The new knowledge can be of in different field of operation in which company is not engaged yet but in near future this might be the key knowledge in surviving in business world.All the causes and reasons behind merger and acquisitions can be categorise into seven heads and are known as theories of mergers and acquisitions. These theories can be good understandable with the help of a diagram as below and can explain the facts which are active behind almost all MAs. might theory explains mergers as the way of getting synergies into three main heads which are financial, managerial and operational. For example if we look into the financial head then we contend that the financial efficienc y after merger should be greater than the sum of individual financial efficiencies. But this theory has been criticised by Montgomery and smatter ( 1984 ). They claims that in any efficient capital market such synergies like financial synergy cannot be achieved then how businesses can go for mergers only on this ground.According to monopoly theory the businesses go for mergers and acquisitions to improve and increase the competitiveness but this competitiveness may not be achieved as criticised by Revenscraft and Scherer (1987). He claims that the monopoly theory is comparatively weaker than efficiency theory due to the reproachful results on businesses.According to Trautwein, F. ( 1990 ) Raider theory is basically a form of acquisition in which a takeover bid is made to gain the control of shares. Theoretically its not a complex theory as frequently cited in business literature claimed by Thomas Straub ( 2007 ) in Reasons for frequent failure in mergers and acquisitions. He state s that this form of MAs is regarded as peoples outcome in which these peoples or raiders attempt to get some of the wealth of shareholders for which they have made bid.Next comes the valuation theory In which Trautwein, F. ( 1990 ) claims that mergers and acquisitions are carried out by top management, the people who have more accurate and square information about the real value of the business. This information is more unquestionable than the information taken from the investment or stock market.According to the conglomerate building theory the managers are more concerned to maximize their use and thats the only aim in their mind and thats why they plan a merger or acquisition.The process theory try to explain mergers and acquisitions as the result of decision made by the management which may not be rational as management did not considered the alternatives and have not done any deep compend. Without a deep and thorough analysis management cant reach on a decision of that criti cal nature.The economic disturbances like recent credit crunches actually modify and remould the behaviours and expectations of individual, individual who made the decision of mergers ad acquisitions. So with the change of economic environment many firms go for alternatives and amongst these alternatives MAs is more popular thats why the business engage in this critical manoeuvre. Trautwein, F. ( 1990 )Main causes of failure of MAsMost of the researches and reports shows that almost 60% MAs end up in disaster. There are business deal of reasons of these failures and some are explained by Robert F. Bruner ( 2009) in his books Deals from Hell MA Lessons that nip and tuck Above the Ashes. He summed up these reasons in six main heads. mountain involved in these deals were unable to take quick and prompt decisions and actions as they were unable to clearly understand whats happening. The reason of there confusion is that the deals are so complicated and shows a blurry picture.Problems of one department or area would travel to other parts of business as tractability was at its lower level. Problems were not cordoned off and it effects the whole environment.Some weak decisions and choices were made by management which exposed the risks of the emerged firm. Te new firms cant avoid exposed risks which caused a failure. These choices or decisions were either on purpose or mistakenly made.The decision makers were prejudiced by the pasts successes, cost effectiveness, over optimism and pride which led them towards wrong choice or activity.Companies were not doing businesses as usual. Errors and problems were common and business environments were lacking of something of important nature.The operational teams collapsed or became ineffective. The reasons behind this collapse or ineffectiveness were existence of different working culture of acquirer and target, problem related to political issues and to much stress on operational team individuals. All these problems brok e down the operational teams which resulted in failure.On the other hand Gerhard, P ( 2002 ) claims that the main factor of failure of MA transactions are overestimates of revenue , cost synergies and post-transaction integration efforts which are too slow and having low capacities and are not aggressive plenty to address these areas effectively. He explains that these causes are the main problem with MAs which leads these transaction in disaster or some time in total failure.What is Strategic human resource management.(HRM)The concept of HRM was developed in USA in 1960s and 1970s with initial academic work done by different authors and then it spread around the world and been adopted by almost all organizations around the world. Brewster (1994, pg.1) The concept of Strategic human resource management or SHRM can be traced back in in1980s and has been magisterial from traditional personnel by virtue of the way in which the former ignored , but the later embraces strategy Guest ( 1993, Pg.213). This integration of strategy make it distinctive from all personnel management forms as think by Purcell ( 2001, Pg.59) In following words. The integration with strategy is central to all models of HRM and virtually all authors are agreed that this is the distinctive feature of HRM, compared with personnel. chthonian this concept the HR strategies are integrated with business strategies to achieve the organizational goals. Under this integration, the strategies developed and implemented, lead the organizations to achieve the set goals and objectives very effectively. Its a conceptual approach, in which strategists find an ideal point where in long run human resources should be and how to get there. It also explains how a more strategic approach can be adopted by the members of HR on daily basis to monitor that the HR strategies are assisting general business strategy and they are adding value in it. Armstrong, M ( 2008 ) foregoing concept of SHRM was developed from the two models presented by Harved Business School in 1980 in which business strategy has been integrated in HRM. These two models are known as Harved Matching Model and Harved Framework Model. This was the first time when Mission, Organisation Strategy and HRM were identified as the key player in the success of business. Later on these key players were integrated together to give the right tack to an organisation which leads towards success, effectiveness and competiveness. (Jain, P. (2005)The activities which directly or indirectly influence the individuals behaviour to formulate and implement strategically, what ever business needs. As it is a conceptual framework in which individuals are directed strategically to achieve the set goals in most effective way. Schuler R. S (1992) defines SHRM as all the activities affecting the individuals behaviour in an attempt to develop and do into the practice the strategic requirements of the organisation. This academic Schuler, R.S et al ( 2001 .pg 127 ) further explains that by strategic we mean that HR activities should be systematically designed and intentionally linked to an analysis of the business and its context.Its a combination of two concepts, HRM and strategy. HRM models are used by focusing on strategy and these models are integrated with businesss general strategy as explained by Armstrong, M ( 2006 ) in his Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. This concept deals with the key philosophies of strategy like strategic intent, competitive advantage, strategic fit and strategic capability etc.He further explains that Strategic HRM is an approach which leads businesses to formulate and implement policies, programmes and practices related to employment relationship, resourcing, performance management, reward etc. These policies and decisions are made on the boilers suit intentions and plans of organization.Some academic claims that HRM and strategic HRM are almost identical concepts as Mathis Jac kson (1985 Pg.3-4 ) define HRM as the strategic planning and management of human resources for an organizationHRM is more broadly focused and strategic in nature. Four meanings of strategic HRM has been described by Hendry and Pettigrew (1986 ) asThe use of planning ,A rational way to the design and management of personnel systems which are based on an employment policy and human strategy along with philosophy.HRM activities are matched with overall organisational strategy.To achieve competitive advantage ,human resources are viewed as strategic resourcesThe definitions and statements which explain SHRM, given by different authors and researchers, clearly shows the growing need and importance of strategic HRM in business world. Day by day businesses world is becoming more complex and competitive and strategic HRM can play a vital role in ensuring competitiveness as Jain, P ( 2005 ) claims that today the human resources are viewed as the potential contributors in the work of organi zational goals with the help of available energies and talent these people have. These resources should have four qualities to maintain their competitiveness as suggested by Boxhall, (1996). These suggested qualities areThat they must increase the value of activities.Rarity and uniqueness must be established.Hard to reduplicateAnd hard to be replaced by other alternatives like engineering science.The people are the assets to the organizations and these assets should be used strategically to achieve competitive advantage and business goals and objectives in long run.Strategic HRM addresss some of the critical issues in organizations which deal with the change in culture, structure and knowledge management and how it can be used effectively. Theses changes can increase the organizational effectiveness and performance. It provides efficient way of matching activities and resources to the future requirement of the organization. It Guides how peoples skills and abilities can be develop ed over the time and how the change can be managed. Human capital requirements and development of process capabilities are focused under strategic HRM.Different approaches and models of Strategic HRMHuman resources play a critical role in the successful achievement of goals and objectives of an organization. The vital importance of managing human resource and strategically deploying these resources can be well understood by the statement of the Managing Director of British Chrome and steel in 1998. He stated that There is no other source of competitive advantage Others can copy our investment, technology and scale but NOT the quality of our people. Steve, B. ( 2000 ,pg 222 ) As the importance is apparent so these resources should be controlled effectively to get the maximum results. To find out how these resources can be used so effectively and strategically different gurus and academics of this subject have presented couple of theories, frame works and models. These Gurus and acad emics have also described how these approaches and models of strategic HRM can be developed and implemented though implementation of these HR strategies is not that easy as HR mangers need to realize the Strategic human resource requirements not only in numbers but also attitudes, behaviours and commitments. Alan, P. ( 2007, pg.271) These models and approaches can be categorised into two types General and Particular approach to the practices of strategic HRM.Universality, Contingency and Configurational , are the thr